Friday, April 22, 2011
Saturday, February 26, 2011
This assignment should be complied up to Friday, February 28, 2011. Make your answers brief and concise. Provide also the URL at the end of each answers. Make sure you have read and familiarize your answers in preparation for the quiz. A. Provide basic information about the following figure and their participation in the French Revolution and in the Napoleonic War . Also include their achievements and he reason of their downfall.
1. Napoleon Bonaparte
*Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, the son of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte. Napoleon decided on a military career when he was a child, winning a scholarship to a French military academy at age 14. One of his greatest achievements was his supervision of the revision and collection of French law into codes.In the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts.While Napoleon believed in government "for" the people, he rejected government "by" the people.Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first.He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until his death on May 5, 1821.
(http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html)
2. Duke Wellington
*Arthur Wesley was born in Dublin in early May 1769. In 1798, his aristocratic Anglo-Irish family changed their name to Wellesley.Arthur Wesley was born in Dublin in early May 1769. In 1798, his aristocratic Anglo-Irish family changed their name to Wellesley.He fought against the French in Flanders and in 1796 went to India.He fought against the French in Flanders and in 1796 went to India. Wellesley achieved considerable military success. His opposition to parliamentary reform made him unpopular, and he earned the nickname of the 'Iron Duke'.Wellington's government fell in 1830. When they returned to power in 1834, Wellington Wellington's government fell in 1830. When they returned to power in 1834, Wellington. He died on 14 September 1852 and was given a state funeral.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml)
3. Maximilien Robespierre
* Maximilien Robespierre (Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore De Robespierre) was born on May 6th, 1758, in Arras where his father was based as an advocate.He became known both as a successful advocate and as a participant in local literary and philosophic circles. He was elected as a "Third Estate".On July 27th 1794 Robespierre was accused of tyranny, barred from speaking at the National Convention, and was placed under arrest as were several key supporters.With the demise of Robespierre the truly Revolutionary phase of the Revolution in France more or less came to an end. Power shifted away from the radicals and towards the conservatives. The Jacobin Clubs were closed down in November and freedom of worship was restored in February 1795.
( http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/maximilien_robespierre.html)
4.George Danton
*George Jacques Danton was one of the leaders of the French revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794.He founded the club of the Cordeliers, was foremost in organizing and conducting the attack on the Tuileries, on August the 10th, 1792, and as a reward for such services was made minister of justice and a member of the provisional executive council. He voted for the capital punishment of all returning aristocrats, but undertook the defense of religious worship.But the rivalry of the two great leaders had now reached a point when one must succumb, and the crafty Robespierre succeeded in having George Danton denounced and thrown into prison, on the 31st of March, 1794. Five days afterwards he was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal as an accomplice in a conspiracy for the restoration of monarchy, and executed the same day.
(http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=George+Danton&offset=0)B. What happened to France after the Napoleonic War. Discuss and provide a brief and concise account about the war.
* Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated and went into exile on St. Helena Island in the South Atlantic. Louis XVIII returned to rule over France.
http://wiki.answers.com/What_happened_at_the_end_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars#ixzz1F3FQQEaU
C. Introduce the following personalities and their accomplishments in their respective countries:
1. Queen Isabella
*Queen Isabella I ruled Castile and Aragon jointly with her husband, Ferdinand (Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand V of Castile).She was a religious queen,and so she's called "Isabella the Catholic". Henry IV was Isabella's half brother.Isabella was also a patron of scholars and artists, establishing educational institutions and building a large collection of art works. She learned Latin as an adult, was widely read, and educated not only her sons but her daughters.she financed Christopher Columbus so he could go to the new world. she took a liking to the native Americans and when some were brought back as slaves she ordered to have them let go.
(http://www.google.com.ph/#sclient=psy&hl=tl&q=Queen+Isabella)
2. King Carlos V
*Charles V ruled the largest collection of European land since Charlemagne over 700 years earlier. Charles was Duke of Burgundy, King of the Spanish Empire and the Habsburg territories, which included Austria and Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor; he continued to acquire more land throughout his life. The manner of Charles’ rise to the throne caused upset, with some Spaniards wishing for his mother to remain in power.Charles caused more problems in the manner in which he initially governed the kingdom.
(http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/spain/a/revoltcomun1.htm)
3. King Philip II
*King Phillip II of Spain played a major role in English history at the time of the Tudors.Phillip of Spain was a very powerful emperor, his lands spreading not only throughout Spain but also throughout much of Europe: his inheritance being much of Holland, Austria and other parts of the 'Low Countries'.Philip banned the Protestant religion in all of the countries he ruled Philip wanted to make England a Catholic country again.Philip made use of the Spanish Inquisition to control his people.
He annexed Portugal in 1580 and as an ardent supporter of the Inquisition stamped out heresy which might be regarded as accomplishments. . But he was a disastrous ruler, at his death leaving his Empire divided, demoralized and nearly bankrupt, depleted by the almost continuous wars which characterized his reign.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080116183602AAAnsFT)
4. Ivan the Terrible
*Ivan the Terrible was the first Grand Prince to have himself officially crowned star. As a boy, Ivan IV suffered under the regents. While he was treated with respect in public, in private he was often neglected and tortured. He also witnessed the boyars fighting to come to power. These two things are believed to have caused Ivan IV to be cruel. As a child he was known to torture animals, and as an adult his actions earned him the name Ivan the Terrible.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivantheterrible.html Ivan ‘Grozny’ was the first Russian ruler to take the title star (from Caesar). Grozny means ‘terrible’ or ‘awesome’ and he deserved that title more.
(http://www.answers.com/topic/ivan-iv-of-russia#ixzz1F3NZQSK
5. Peter the Great
*Peter the Great centralized government, modernized the army, created a navy and increased the subjugation and subjection of the peasants in Russia. His domestic policy allowed him to execute an aggressive foreign policy.Peter the Great’s sheer physical presence seemed to indicate the way his rule would go. He was nearly 7 feet tall and very broad. He was massively powerful, "loud-mouthed, violent, ruthless and impetuous". He always wanted to learn and was always active.His accomplishments were the creation of the first Russian Navy, expansion of trade, and military reforms.
( http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peter_the_great.htm.)
6. Catherine the Great
*One of the most interesting, industrious and powerful personages to grace the pages of history during the eighteenth century is Catherine II, Empress of all the Russians.
http://nevermore.tripod.com/CGREAT.HTM
She helped set the foundations for the Russian “Westernization” in the 19th and 20th centuries.She consolidated power from the serfs and feudal lords by continuing the political reforms started by Peter the Great.
(http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/c)
7. Maria Theresa
*Maria Theresa (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, began her rule in 1740. She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers, male or female, while bearing sixteen children between 1738 and 1756.Maria Theresa is considered an enlightened monarch, and she was one of the longest running ruler in our country history. However, we call her reign an enlightened absolutism. Her first half of the reign was preoccupied with the wars for a succession and keeping her on the throne, from which she lost the wealthiest land of the monarchy, Silesia. These wars were waged against Prussia and France who occupied most of the country.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081221095637AASL6XB )
1. Napoleon Bonaparte
*Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, the son of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte. Napoleon decided on a military career when he was a child, winning a scholarship to a French military academy at age 14. One of his greatest achievements was his supervision of the revision and collection of French law into codes.In the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts.While Napoleon believed in government "for" the people, he rejected government "by" the people.Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first.He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until his death on May 5, 1821.
(http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95aug/napoleon.html)
2. Duke Wellington
*Arthur Wesley was born in Dublin in early May 1769. In 1798, his aristocratic Anglo-Irish family changed their name to Wellesley.Arthur Wesley was born in Dublin in early May 1769. In 1798, his aristocratic Anglo-Irish family changed their name to Wellesley.He fought against the French in Flanders and in 1796 went to India.He fought against the French in Flanders and in 1796 went to India. Wellesley achieved considerable military success. His opposition to parliamentary reform made him unpopular, and he earned the nickname of the 'Iron Duke'.Wellington's government fell in 1830. When they returned to power in 1834, Wellington Wellington's government fell in 1830. When they returned to power in 1834, Wellington. He died on 14 September 1852 and was given a state funeral.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml)
3. Maximilien Robespierre
* Maximilien Robespierre (Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore De Robespierre) was born on May 6th, 1758, in Arras where his father was based as an advocate.He became known both as a successful advocate and as a participant in local literary and philosophic circles. He was elected as a "Third Estate".On July 27th 1794 Robespierre was accused of tyranny, barred from speaking at the National Convention, and was placed under arrest as were several key supporters.With the demise of Robespierre the truly Revolutionary phase of the Revolution in France more or less came to an end. Power shifted away from the radicals and towards the conservatives. The Jacobin Clubs were closed down in November and freedom of worship was restored in February 1795.
( http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/maximilien_robespierre.html)
4.George Danton
*George Jacques Danton was one of the leaders of the French revolution. He was born in 1759 and died in 1794.He founded the club of the Cordeliers, was foremost in organizing and conducting the attack on the Tuileries, on August the 10th, 1792, and as a reward for such services was made minister of justice and a member of the provisional executive council. He voted for the capital punishment of all returning aristocrats, but undertook the defense of religious worship.But the rivalry of the two great leaders had now reached a point when one must succumb, and the crafty Robespierre succeeded in having George Danton denounced and thrown into prison, on the 31st of March, 1794. Five days afterwards he was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal as an accomplice in a conspiracy for the restoration of monarchy, and executed the same day.
(http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=George+Danton&offset=0)B. What happened to France after the Napoleonic War. Discuss and provide a brief and concise account about the war.
* Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated and went into exile on St. Helena Island in the South Atlantic. Louis XVIII returned to rule over France.
http://wiki.answers.com/What_happened_at_the_end_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars#ixzz1F3FQQEaU
C. Introduce the following personalities and their accomplishments in their respective countries:
1. Queen Isabella
*Queen Isabella I ruled Castile and Aragon jointly with her husband, Ferdinand (Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand V of Castile).She was a religious queen,and so she's called "Isabella the Catholic". Henry IV was Isabella's half brother.Isabella was also a patron of scholars and artists, establishing educational institutions and building a large collection of art works. She learned Latin as an adult, was widely read, and educated not only her sons but her daughters.she financed Christopher Columbus so he could go to the new world. she took a liking to the native Americans and when some were brought back as slaves she ordered to have them let go.
(http://www.google.com.ph/#sclient=psy&hl=tl&q=Queen+Isabella)
2. King Carlos V
*Charles V ruled the largest collection of European land since Charlemagne over 700 years earlier. Charles was Duke of Burgundy, King of the Spanish Empire and the Habsburg territories, which included Austria and Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor; he continued to acquire more land throughout his life. The manner of Charles’ rise to the throne caused upset, with some Spaniards wishing for his mother to remain in power.Charles caused more problems in the manner in which he initially governed the kingdom.
(http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/spain/a/revoltcomun1.htm)
3. King Philip II
*King Phillip II of Spain played a major role in English history at the time of the Tudors.Phillip of Spain was a very powerful emperor, his lands spreading not only throughout Spain but also throughout much of Europe: his inheritance being much of Holland, Austria and other parts of the 'Low Countries'.Philip banned the Protestant religion in all of the countries he ruled Philip wanted to make England a Catholic country again.Philip made use of the Spanish Inquisition to control his people.
He annexed Portugal in 1580 and as an ardent supporter of the Inquisition stamped out heresy which might be regarded as accomplishments. . But he was a disastrous ruler, at his death leaving his Empire divided, demoralized and nearly bankrupt, depleted by the almost continuous wars which characterized his reign.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080116183602AAAnsFT)
4. Ivan the Terrible
*Ivan the Terrible was the first Grand Prince to have himself officially crowned star. As a boy, Ivan IV suffered under the regents. While he was treated with respect in public, in private he was often neglected and tortured. He also witnessed the boyars fighting to come to power. These two things are believed to have caused Ivan IV to be cruel. As a child he was known to torture animals, and as an adult his actions earned him the name Ivan the Terrible.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivantheterrible.html Ivan ‘Grozny’ was the first Russian ruler to take the title star (from Caesar). Grozny means ‘terrible’ or ‘awesome’ and he deserved that title more.
(http://www.answers.com/topic/ivan-iv-of-russia#ixzz1F3NZQSK
5. Peter the Great
*Peter the Great centralized government, modernized the army, created a navy and increased the subjugation and subjection of the peasants in Russia. His domestic policy allowed him to execute an aggressive foreign policy.Peter the Great’s sheer physical presence seemed to indicate the way his rule would go. He was nearly 7 feet tall and very broad. He was massively powerful, "loud-mouthed, violent, ruthless and impetuous". He always wanted to learn and was always active.His accomplishments were the creation of the first Russian Navy, expansion of trade, and military reforms.
( http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peter_the_great.htm.)
6. Catherine the Great
*One of the most interesting, industrious and powerful personages to grace the pages of history during the eighteenth century is Catherine II, Empress of all the Russians.
http://nevermore.tripod.com/CGREAT.HTM
She helped set the foundations for the Russian “Westernization” in the 19th and 20th centuries.She consolidated power from the serfs and feudal lords by continuing the political reforms started by Peter the Great.
(http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/c)
7. Maria Theresa
*Maria Theresa (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, began her rule in 1740. She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers, male or female, while bearing sixteen children between 1738 and 1756.Maria Theresa is considered an enlightened monarch, and she was one of the longest running ruler in our country history. However, we call her reign an enlightened absolutism. Her first half of the reign was preoccupied with the wars for a succession and keeping her on the throne, from which she lost the wealthiest land of the monarchy, Silesia. These wars were waged against Prussia and France who occupied most of the country.
(http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081221095637AASL6XB )
Monday, February 14, 2011
Answer these using internet.
Note: URL should be placed at the last part of each answers. Answers should be posted in your own blog. Meaning you have to create your own blog and add knowieclose1028@yahoo.com as author. Thank u. Worth 100 points and should be complied up to Friday night February 18, 2011.
1. Where did the name France came from?
answer:
The name "France" comes from the Latin Francia, which means "country of the Franks".[25] There are various theories as to the origin of the name of the Franks. One is that it is derived from the Proto-Germanic word frankon which translates as javelin or lance as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca.[26] Another proposed etymology is that in an ancient Germanic language, Frank means free as opposed to slave. However, it is also possible that the word is derived from the ethnic name of the Franks because, as the conquering class, only the Franks had the status of freemen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France
2. What is absolute monarchy? Tell how it ended as a system of government in France?
answer:
Absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government, thus wielding political power over the sovereign state and its subject peoples. In an absolute monarchy, the transmission of power is twofold; hereditary and marital. As absolute governor, the monarch’s authority is not legally bound or restricted by a constitution as in a limited monarchy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy
France (between the years 1763-1789) experienced a collapse in the once dominant system of detested absolute monarchy. It is because of the result of land-grabbing and colonizing attempts that finally led to extensive warfare. With the wars raging at the behest of absolutist rulers in each country, the citizenry was becoming increasingly disenchanted with higher taxes and less benefits for the non-aristocratic, thus leading to peasant and middle-class attacks on these already war-weakened and near-crippled institutions. With this double-assault of weakened power structures due to ongoing and expensive wars over territory and the increase in citizen displeasure, the fall of both Louis XIV’s monarchy in France and Nicholas’ equally absolutist regime in Russia seems inevitable.
http://www.articlemyriad.com/95.htm
3. Tell something about the following leaders in France ( their role, achievements, accomplishments)
a. King Louis XIII
Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France and Navarre from 1610 to 1643. Along with his First Minister Cardinal Richelieu, Louis "the Just" is remembered for the establishment of the Académie française and participation in the Thirty Years' War against the House of Habsburg.[1] France's greatest victory in the war came at the Battle of Rocroi, five days after Louis' death—apparently from complications of intestinal tuberculosis, "marking the end of Spain's military ascendancy in Europe."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France
b. King Louis XIV
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as the Sun King (French: le Roi Soleil), was King of France and of Navarre.[1] His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch.[2]
Louis began personally governing France in 1661 after the death of his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.[3] An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France
c. Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (French pronunciation: [ʁiʃəljø]; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he fostered.
The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.
Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu
d. Mazarin
Jules Mazarin (French pronunciation: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; July 14, 1602 – March 9, 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazarino or Mazarini,[1] was a French-Italian[2] cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. He was a noted collector of art and jewels, particularly diamonds, and he bequeathed the "Mazarin diamonds" to Louis XIV in 1661, some of which remain in the collection of the Louvre museum in Paris.[3] His personal library was the origin of the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin
4. What is a General Estates in France? What is its composition? Describe each.
The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (French: Les États-Généraux de 1789) was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the nobility, the Church, and the common people. Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to his government's financial problems, the Estates-General sat for several weeks in May and June of 1789, but came to an impasse as the three Estates clashed over their respective powers. It was brought to an end when many members of the Third Estate formed themselves into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution.
The "First Estate" was the Church (clergy = those who prayed). The "Second Estate" was the Nobility (those who fought = knights). It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and thus shift from the second to the first estate. The "Third Estate" was the Peasantry (everyone else, at least under feudalism: those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates).
http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl430/estates.html
5. Tell something about the following events in the history of France:
1. Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans) was a series of wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. The House of Valois claimed the title of King of France, while the Plantagenets claimed to be Kings of France and England. The Plantagenet kings were the 12th century rulers of the Kingdom of England, and had their roots in the French regions of Anjou and Normandy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War
2. Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations.
The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War
3. War of Spanish Successions
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Such a unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power. The war was fought mostly in Europe but included Queen Anne's War in North America and it was marked by the military leadership of notable generals including the Duc de Villars, the Jacobite Duke of Berwick, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. It resulted in the recognition of Philip as King of Spain while requiring him to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the Spanish Crown's possessions to the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain, partitioning the Spanish Empire in Europe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession
4. French Revolution
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–99) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May. The first year of the Revolution witnessed members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in June, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and an epic march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. The next few years were dominated by tensions between various liberal assemblies and a conservative monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. External threats also played a dominant role in the development of the Revolution. The French Revolutionary Wars started in 1792 and ultimately featured spectacular French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine—achievements that had defied previous French governments for centuries. Internally, popular sentiments radicalized the Revolution significantly, culminating in the Reign of Terror from 1793 until 1794 during which between 16,000 and 40,000 people were killed.[1] After the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799, when it was replaced by the Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte.
http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=French_Revolution
Note: URL should be placed at the last part of each answers. Answers should be posted in your own blog. Meaning you have to create your own blog and add knowieclose1028@yahoo.com as author. Thank u. Worth 100 points and should be complied up to Friday night February 18, 2011.
1. Where did the name France came from?
answer:
The name "France" comes from the Latin Francia, which means "country of the Franks".[25] There are various theories as to the origin of the name of the Franks. One is that it is derived from the Proto-Germanic word frankon which translates as javelin or lance as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca.[26] Another proposed etymology is that in an ancient Germanic language, Frank means free as opposed to slave. However, it is also possible that the word is derived from the ethnic name of the Franks because, as the conquering class, only the Franks had the status of freemen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France
2. What is absolute monarchy? Tell how it ended as a system of government in France?
answer:
Absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government, thus wielding political power over the sovereign state and its subject peoples. In an absolute monarchy, the transmission of power is twofold; hereditary and marital. As absolute governor, the monarch’s authority is not legally bound or restricted by a constitution as in a limited monarchy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy
France (between the years 1763-1789) experienced a collapse in the once dominant system of detested absolute monarchy. It is because of the result of land-grabbing and colonizing attempts that finally led to extensive warfare. With the wars raging at the behest of absolutist rulers in each country, the citizenry was becoming increasingly disenchanted with higher taxes and less benefits for the non-aristocratic, thus leading to peasant and middle-class attacks on these already war-weakened and near-crippled institutions. With this double-assault of weakened power structures due to ongoing and expensive wars over territory and the increase in citizen displeasure, the fall of both Louis XIV’s monarchy in France and Nicholas’ equally absolutist regime in Russia seems inevitable.
http://www.articlemyriad.com/95.htm
3. Tell something about the following leaders in France ( their role, achievements, accomplishments)
a. King Louis XIII
Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France and Navarre from 1610 to 1643. Along with his First Minister Cardinal Richelieu, Louis "the Just" is remembered for the establishment of the Académie française and participation in the Thirty Years' War against the House of Habsburg.[1] France's greatest victory in the war came at the Battle of Rocroi, five days after Louis' death—apparently from complications of intestinal tuberculosis, "marking the end of Spain's military ascendancy in Europe."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France
b. King Louis XIV
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as the Sun King (French: le Roi Soleil), was King of France and of Navarre.[1] His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch.[2]
Louis began personally governing France in 1661 after the death of his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.[3] An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France
c. Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu (French pronunciation: [ʁiʃəljø]; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he fostered.
The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.
Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu
d. Mazarin
Jules Mazarin (French pronunciation: [ʒyl mazaʁɛ̃]; July 14, 1602 – March 9, 1661), born Giulio Raimondo Mazarino or Mazarini,[1] was a French-Italian[2] cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death. Mazarin succeeded his mentor, Cardinal Richelieu. He was a noted collector of art and jewels, particularly diamonds, and he bequeathed the "Mazarin diamonds" to Louis XIV in 1661, some of which remain in the collection of the Louvre museum in Paris.[3] His personal library was the origin of the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin
4. What is a General Estates in France? What is its composition? Describe each.
The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (French: Les États-Généraux de 1789) was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the nobility, the Church, and the common people. Summoned by King Louis XVI to propose solutions to his government's financial problems, the Estates-General sat for several weeks in May and June of 1789, but came to an impasse as the three Estates clashed over their respective powers. It was brought to an end when many members of the Third Estate formed themselves into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution.
The "First Estate" was the Church (clergy = those who prayed). The "Second Estate" was the Nobility (those who fought = knights). It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and thus shift from the second to the first estate. The "Third Estate" was the Peasantry (everyone else, at least under feudalism: those who produced the food which supported those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates).
http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl430/estates.html
5. Tell something about the following events in the history of France:
1. Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years' War (French: Guerre de Cent Ans) was a series of wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. The House of Valois claimed the title of King of France, while the Plantagenets claimed to be Kings of France and England. The Plantagenet kings were the 12th century rulers of the Kingdom of England, and had their roots in the French regions of Anjou and Normandy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War
2. Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. Naval warfare also reached overseas and shaped the colonial formation of future nations.
The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War
3. War of Spanish Successions
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Such a unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power. The war was fought mostly in Europe but included Queen Anne's War in North America and it was marked by the military leadership of notable generals including the Duc de Villars, the Jacobite Duke of Berwick, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. It resulted in the recognition of Philip as King of Spain while requiring him to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the Spanish Crown's possessions to the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain, partitioning the Spanish Empire in Europe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession
4. French Revolution
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–99) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May. The first year of the Revolution witnessed members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in June, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and an epic march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. The next few years were dominated by tensions between various liberal assemblies and a conservative monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. External threats also played a dominant role in the development of the Revolution. The French Revolutionary Wars started in 1792 and ultimately featured spectacular French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine—achievements that had defied previous French governments for centuries. Internally, popular sentiments radicalized the Revolution significantly, culminating in the Reign of Terror from 1793 until 1794 during which between 16,000 and 40,000 people were killed.[1] After the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799, when it was replaced by the Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte.
http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=French_Revolution
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